{
  "run": "025-height-strikeouts",
  "as_of": "2026-07-15",
  "source": "Lahman Baseball Database, 2026 release (through 2025), via the maintained Lahman R package data (r-universe CSV endpoints); career aggregates, pitchers BFP>=2000, batters PA>=2000 (non-pitchers, 1913+)",
  "window": [
    1871,
    2025
  ],
  "pitchers": {
    "n": 2696,
    "naive_slope_pp_per_in": 0.893,
    "naive_r2": 0.169,
    "fe_slope_pp_per_in": 0.02,
    "fe_slope_ci95": [
      -0.046,
      0.087
    ],
    "fe_p_boot": 0.5675,
    "fe_excludes_zero": false,
    "fe_partial_r2_height": 0.0002,
    "modern_1988_slope": 0.025,
    "modern_n": 1024,
    "gap_6ft10_vs_5ft10_pp": 0.24,
    "mean_k_pct": 13.8,
    "decades": {
      "1870": {
        "mean_height_in": 68.4,
        "mean_k_pct": 3.1,
        "n": 12
      },
      "1880": {
        "mean_height_in": 69.9,
        "mean_k_pct": 9.1,
        "n": 79
      },
      "1890": {
        "mean_height_in": 70.3,
        "mean_k_pct": 7.2,
        "n": 80
      },
      "1900": {
        "mean_height_in": 71.1,
        "mean_k_pct": 9.2,
        "n": 103
      },
      "1910": {
        "mean_height_in": 71.9,
        "mean_k_pct": 10.3,
        "n": 159
      },
      "1920": {
        "mean_height_in": 71.6,
        "mean_k_pct": 8.3,
        "n": 170
      },
      "1930": {
        "mean_height_in": 71.9,
        "mean_k_pct": 9.2,
        "n": 161
      },
      "1940": {
        "mean_height_in": 72.8,
        "mean_k_pct": 9.5,
        "n": 182
      },
      "1950": {
        "mean_height_in": 73.0,
        "mean_k_pct": 11.2,
        "n": 138
      },
      "1960": {
        "mean_height_in": 73.6,
        "mean_k_pct": 14.7,
        "n": 174
      },
      "1970": {
        "mean_height_in": 73.9,
        "mean_k_pct": 13.5,
        "n": 218
      },
      "1980": {
        "mean_height_in": 74.4,
        "mean_k_pct": 14.0,
        "n": 248
      },
      "1990": {
        "mean_height_in": 74.3,
        "mean_k_pct": 16.0,
        "n": 258
      },
      "2000": {
        "mean_height_in": 74.6,
        "mean_k_pct": 17.4,
        "n": 285
      },
      "2010": {
        "mean_height_in": 74.8,
        "mean_k_pct": 20.6,
        "n": 293
      },
      "2020": {
        "mean_height_in": 74.9,
        "mean_k_pct": 23.2,
        "n": 136
      }
    },
    "anchors": [
      {
        "name": "Randy Johnson",
        "height": 82,
        "k_pct": 28.6,
        "so": 4875,
        "years": "1988-2009"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jon Rauch",
        "height": 83,
        "k_pct": 19.0,
        "so": 475,
        "years": "2002-2013"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tim Lincecum",
        "height": 71,
        "k_pct": 24.4,
        "so": 1736,
        "years": "2007-2016"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pedro Martinez",
        "height": 71,
        "k_pct": 27.7,
        "so": 3154,
        "years": "1992-2009"
      },
      {
        "name": "Billy Wagner",
        "height": 70,
        "k_pct": 33.2,
        "so": 1196,
        "years": "1995-2010"
      }
    ]
  },
  "batters": {
    "n": 2403,
    "naive_slope_pp_per_in": 1.341,
    "naive_r2": 0.224,
    "fe_slope_pp_per_in": 0.673,
    "fe_slope_ci95": [
      0.595,
      0.754
    ],
    "fe_p_boot": 0.0,
    "fe_excludes_zero": true,
    "fe_partial_r2_height": 0.104,
    "modern_1988_slope": 0.75,
    "modern_n": 1126,
    "gap_6ft10_vs_5ft10_pp": 8.08,
    "mean_k_pct": 13.6,
    "decades": {
      "1910": {
        "mean_height_in": 68.9,
        "mean_k_pct": 8.5,
        "n": 15
      },
      "1920": {
        "mean_height_in": 69.6,
        "mean_k_pct": 5.1,
        "n": 159
      },
      "1930": {
        "mean_height_in": 70.8,
        "mean_k_pct": 6.0,
        "n": 178
      },
      "1940": {
        "mean_height_in": 71.1,
        "mean_k_pct": 7.7,
        "n": 173
      },
      "1950": {
        "mean_height_in": 72.1,
        "mean_k_pct": 10.2,
        "n": 139
      },
      "1960": {
        "mean_height_in": 72.3,
        "mean_k_pct": 13.2,
        "n": 189
      },
      "1970": {
        "mean_height_in": 72.3,
        "mean_k_pct": 12.9,
        "n": 221
      },
      "1980": {
        "mean_height_in": 72.6,
        "mean_k_pct": 13.0,
        "n": 258
      },
      "1990": {
        "mean_height_in": 72.5,
        "mean_k_pct": 15.4,
        "n": 292
      },
      "2000": {
        "mean_height_in": 72.6,
        "mean_k_pct": 16.5,
        "n": 306
      },
      "2010": {
        "mean_height_in": 73.0,
        "mean_k_pct": 19.5,
        "n": 299
      },
      "2020": {
        "mean_height_in": 73.0,
        "mean_k_pct": 21.5,
        "n": 174
      }
    },
    "anchors": [
      {
        "name": "Aaron Judge",
        "height": 79,
        "k_pct": 27.4,
        "so": 1369,
        "years": "2016-2025"
      },
      {
        "name": "Jose Altuve",
        "height": 66,
        "k_pct": 13.1,
        "so": 1139,
        "years": "2011-2025"
      },
      {
        "name": "Giancarlo Stanton",
        "height": 78,
        "k_pct": 28.7,
        "so": 2059,
        "years": "2010-2025"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tony Gwynn",
        "height": 71,
        "k_pct": 4.2,
        "so": 434,
        "years": "1982-2001"
      },
      {
        "name": "Kirby Puckett",
        "height": 68,
        "k_pct": 12.3,
        "so": 965,
        "years": "1984-1995"
      }
    ]
  },
  "caveats": [
    "survivorship: everyone here reached ~500 IP / 2000 PA \u2014 if short pitchers must be better to survive, selection flattens the height slope",
    "career aggregates blur mid-career era shifts; the decade FE uses the career midpoint",
    "height is the listed height; teams round up",
    "K% for batters begins 1913 (when batter strikeouts were first reliably recorded)"
  ]
}