{
  "run": "024-sports-betting",
  "as_of": "2026-07-15",
  "source": "US Courts Table F-2 (December 12-month releases, 2013-2025), nonbusiness filings aggregated district->state; FRED/Census state population; online-sportsbook launch dates hand-curated from Legal Sports Report + contemporaneous coverage (committed)",
  "n_state_years": 650,
  "n_states": 50,
  "n_treated": 30,
  "n_control": 20,
  "window": [
    2013,
    2025
  ],
  "national_filings": {
    "2013": 1027527,
    "2014": 898970,
    "2015": 809219,
    "2016": 760621,
    "2017": 758164,
    "2018": 743383,
    "2019": 744398,
    "2020": 517605,
    "2021": 395324,
    "2022": 370371,
    "2023": 429602,
    "2024": 488498,
    "2025": 543654
  },
  "pooled_did": {
    "log_effect": -0.0584,
    "pct_effect": -5.7,
    "ci95_log": [
      -0.1547,
      0.0293
    ],
    "ci95_pct": [
      -14.3,
      3.0
    ],
    "p_boot": 0.194,
    "excludes_zero": false
  },
  "maturity": {
    "years_0_2_pct": -5.5,
    "years_3_plus_pct": -6.1,
    "n_states_with_3plus": 20
  },
  "placebo_pretrend": {
    "mean_pct": -4.3,
    "n_states": 30
  },
  "robustness": {
    "pop_weighted_pct": -0.7,
    "mature_3plus_post_pct": -4.9,
    "never_legal_controls_only_pct": -9.1
  },
  "event_study": [
    {
      "e": -5,
      "coef": 0.0473,
      "lo": -0.0513,
      "hi": 0.1437
    },
    {
      "e": -4,
      "coef": 0.0311,
      "lo": -0.032,
      "hi": 0.0921
    },
    {
      "e": -3,
      "coef": 0.0153,
      "lo": -0.0384,
      "hi": 0.0672
    },
    {
      "e": -2,
      "coef": 0.0039,
      "lo": -0.0198,
      "hi": 0.027
    },
    {
      "e": -1,
      "coef": 0.0,
      "lo": 0.0,
      "hi": 0.0,
      "ref": true
    },
    {
      "e": 0,
      "coef": 0.0052,
      "lo": -0.0321,
      "hi": 0.0472
    },
    {
      "e": 1,
      "coef": -0.0095,
      "lo": -0.0737,
      "hi": 0.0574
    },
    {
      "e": 2,
      "coef": -0.0297,
      "lo": -0.1238,
      "hi": 0.0639
    },
    {
      "e": 3,
      "coef": -0.0324,
      "lo": -0.1366,
      "hi": 0.0695
    },
    {
      "e": 4,
      "coef": -0.0506,
      "lo": -0.1633,
      "hi": 0.0607
    },
    {
      "e": 5,
      "coef": -0.0644,
      "lo": -0.2052,
      "hi": 0.0932
    }
  ],
  "per_state_did": [
    {
      "state": "LA",
      "ffy": 2022,
      "pct": 23.3,
      "n_post": 4
    },
    {
      "state": "IA",
      "ffy": 2020,
      "pct": 14.4,
      "n_post": 6
    },
    {
      "state": "KY",
      "ffy": 2024,
      "pct": 12.4,
      "n_post": 2
    },
    {
      "state": "FL",
      "ffy": 2024,
      "pct": 11.4,
      "n_post": 2
    },
    {
      "state": "MI",
      "ffy": 2021,
      "pct": 9.3,
      "n_post": 5
    },
    {
      "state": "NY",
      "ffy": 2022,
      "pct": 8.8,
      "n_post": 4
    },
    {
      "state": "IN",
      "ffy": 2020,
      "pct": 6.0,
      "n_post": 6
    },
    {
      "state": "AR",
      "ffy": 2022,
      "pct": 5.4,
      "n_post": 4
    },
    {
      "state": "OH",
      "ffy": 2023,
      "pct": 4.7,
      "n_post": 3
    },
    {
      "state": "MD",
      "ffy": 2023,
      "pct": 4.0,
      "n_post": 3
    },
    {
      "state": "VA",
      "ffy": 2021,
      "pct": 3.7,
      "n_post": 5
    },
    {
      "state": "AZ",
      "ffy": 2022,
      "pct": 2.1,
      "n_post": 4
    },
    {
      "state": "DE",
      "ffy": 2024,
      "pct": -0.1,
      "n_post": 2
    },
    {
      "state": "OR",
      "ffy": 2020,
      "pct": -0.5,
      "n_post": 6
    },
    {
      "state": "NC",
      "ffy": 2024,
      "pct": -1.3,
      "n_post": 2
    },
    {
      "state": "WV",
      "ffy": 2019,
      "pct": -2.8,
      "n_post": 7
    },
    {
      "state": "KS",
      "ffy": 2023,
      "pct": -4.4,
      "n_post": 3
    },
    {
      "state": "PA",
      "ffy": 2019,
      "pct": -5.1,
      "n_post": 7
    },
    {
      "state": "TN",
      "ffy": 2021,
      "pct": -7.1,
      "n_post": 5
    },
    {
      "state": "WY",
      "ffy": 2022,
      "pct": -8.8,
      "n_post": 4
    },
    {
      "state": "CT",
      "ffy": 2022,
      "pct": -9.0,
      "n_post": 4
    },
    {
      "state": "MA",
      "ffy": 2023,
      "pct": -10.9,
      "n_post": 3
    },
    {
      "state": "DC",
      "ffy": 2020,
      "pct": -15.3,
      "n_post": 6
    },
    {
      "state": "NJ",
      "ffy": 2019,
      "pct": -17.1,
      "n_post": 7
    },
    {
      "state": "CO",
      "ffy": 2020,
      "pct": -17.6,
      "n_post": 6
    },
    {
      "state": "IL",
      "ffy": 2020,
      "pct": -18.4,
      "n_post": 6
    },
    {
      "state": "VT",
      "ffy": 2024,
      "pct": -23.8,
      "n_post": 2
    },
    {
      "state": "RI",
      "ffy": 2020,
      "pct": -30.3,
      "n_post": 6
    },
    {
      "state": "NH",
      "ffy": 2020,
      "pct": -30.5,
      "n_post": 6
    },
    {
      "state": "ME",
      "ffy": 2024,
      "pct": -38.0,
      "n_post": 2
    }
  ],
  "caveats": [
    "annual filings are a coarse, lagging ruler: bankruptcy is the end of a long slide, and the credit-score/delinquency effects in the literature precede filings by years",
    "the window contains COVID: filings fell ~50% nationally on stimulus and forbearance; year effects absorb the national swing but treated/control recovery paths may differ",
    "legalization is not random: states that legalized differ from CA/TX/UT in trend and law",
    "12-month December tables = calendar-year totals; launch years are majority-exposure coded"
  ]
}