{
  "run": "014-empty-stadiums",
  "as_of": "2026-07-13",
  "source": "football-data.co.uk match results, Big-5 European leagues; crowd = 2018-19 + 2021-22, empty = 2020-21 (behind closed doors)",
  "n_total": 5478,
  "crowd": {
    "n": 3652,
    "home_win_pct": 43.8,
    "home_ppg": 1.571,
    "home_gd": 0.312,
    "ref_bias": 0.306
  },
  "empty": {
    "n": 1826,
    "home_win_pct": 39.9,
    "home_ppg": 1.451,
    "home_gd": 0.152,
    "ref_bias": 0.099
  },
  "delta": {
    "home_win_pp": -3.9,
    "home_ppg": -0.12,
    "home_gd": -0.16,
    "ref_bias": -0.207
  },
  "sig": {
    "home_win": {
      "z": 2.74,
      "p": 0.006057612879349694
    },
    "home_gd": {
      "t": 3.07,
      "p": 0.0021814166881644476
    },
    "ref_bias": {
      "t": 3.63,
      "p": 0.0002822615701104136
    }
  },
  "gd_retained_pct": 49.0,
  "gd_lost_pct": 51.0,
  "ref_bias_fell_pct": 68.0,
  "per_league": [
    {
      "league": "England",
      "crowd": {
        "n": 760,
        "home_win_pct": 45.3,
        "home_ppg": 1.567,
        "home_gd": 0.262,
        "ref_bias": 0.167
      },
      "empty": {
        "n": 380,
        "home_win_pct": 37.9,
        "home_ppg": 1.355,
        "home_gd": 0.011,
        "ref_bias": 0.066
      },
      "d_home_win": -7.4,
      "d_home_gd": -0.251,
      "d_ref_bias": -0.101
    },
    {
      "league": "Germany",
      "crowd": {
        "n": 612,
        "home_win_pct": 45.9,
        "home_ppg": 1.616,
        "home_gd": 0.404,
        "ref_bias": 0.376
      },
      "empty": {
        "n": 306,
        "home_win_pct": 42.2,
        "home_ppg": 1.529,
        "home_gd": 0.32,
        "ref_bias": 0.173
      },
      "d_home_win": -3.7,
      "d_home_gd": -0.084,
      "d_ref_bias": -0.203
    },
    {
      "league": "Spain",
      "crowd": {
        "n": 760,
        "home_win_pct": 43.8,
        "home_ppg": 1.605,
        "home_gd": 0.329,
        "ref_bias": 0.138
      },
      "empty": {
        "n": 380,
        "home_win_pct": 41.6,
        "home_ppg": 1.534,
        "home_gd": 0.229,
        "ref_bias": 0.142
      },
      "d_home_win": -2.2,
      "d_home_gd": -0.1,
      "d_ref_bias": 0.004
    },
    {
      "league": "Italy",
      "crowd": {
        "n": 760,
        "home_win_pct": 41.3,
        "home_ppg": 1.511,
        "home_gd": 0.213,
        "ref_bias": 0.436
      },
      "empty": {
        "n": 380,
        "home_win_pct": 40.8,
        "home_ppg": 1.479,
        "home_gd": 0.2,
        "ref_bias": 0.092
      },
      "d_home_win": -0.5,
      "d_home_gd": -0.013,
      "d_ref_bias": -0.344
    },
    {
      "league": "France",
      "crowd": {
        "n": 760,
        "home_win_pct": 42.9,
        "home_ppg": 1.566,
        "home_gd": 0.37,
        "ref_bias": 0.428
      },
      "empty": {
        "n": 380,
        "home_win_pct": 37.4,
        "home_ppg": 1.371,
        "home_gd": 0.034,
        "ref_bias": 0.037
      },
      "d_home_win": -5.5,
      "d_home_gd": -0.336,
      "d_ref_bias": -0.391
    }
  ],
  "seasons": {
    "crowd": "2018-19 + 2021-22",
    "empty": "2020-21"
  }
}